A glass of water, if you have a big group, the bigger the glass the better.
A set of visuals (I prepared my own based on what I found googling refraction), you can see them in the photographs. I used an A4 piece of paper, folded in half as I wanted it be able to stand on its own on the table.
Through the glass and On their own
Procedures
Before the Science / Lab lesson, we started the day with the poem dedicated to colour blue, modelled on the poems from the Little Learning Corner, we looked for the blue items around us and we had a whole section of the lesson devoted to adjectives, describing and guessing the objects in our Magic Bag. All of which were blue, of course. In the Art lesson, the kids also made a beautiful craft with the bottle caps.
In the beginning of the Science lesson we talked about water and the clever ocean animals. We watched some cool videos about the clever octopus, the flying birds and the orca.
Afterwards I presented the three experiments. The first one was the experiement with the cold and hot water (aka Melting the Skittles aka Checking How Skittles Are Made of Sugar and Food Colouring). More of it in an older post here. The there was the Surprise Experiement (check it out here) and the Illusion Experiment aka refraction.
We went into our Lab (the dining room) where I prepared all the ingredients and tools.
I showed the kids the glass of water and the first picture with the arrows. We talked about the direction of the arrows and we demonstrated and practised ‘left’ and ‘right’. Afterwards I showed the picture through the glass of water and, of course, the arrows changed the direction, almost magically. We learned the term ‘refraction’.
Afterwards we proceeded with the other two pictures.
Why we like it
Just like the previous crumbs post, devoted to red, fire and volcanoes, this one is about the experiments we did as part of our Autumn Camp. The second day was devoted to the colour blue and water. This was one of the experiements we did.
It is a super simple experiment, in its simplest forms it involves only a glass of water and a piece of paper with two arrows.
Again, it was fun. For me, because I could realise that I never ever heard about it in my Physics classes in high school and it felt good to be catching up on my primary or secondary education. For the kids, because it looked like magic)
It helped to make this whole experiment kinesthetic by showing the direction of the arrows with our arms, by naming the colours of the clouds or by holding the side of the card where the blue cloud was with my hand and checking how the cloud moved to the other side or by showing the direction of the stripes, on the paper and as seen through the water.
It was also a lot of fun to experiment with the distance between the glass and the paper to find the best angle.
As with the other experiment (Crumbs #70), this one also can be used with a variety of topics and lessons: water-themed classes, blue-themed classes, black and white and optical illusions lessons or, simply, Physics that, can, actually, be fun! Basically, you can make it as scientific or as magical as you want!
We did not have time for that but this lesson also has some potential for creating our own drawings that can be used in the experiments to give the kids an opportunity to be creative and to experiment with different designs. It is also possible to dip the pictures in water and see how they change. See the links here and here, here (experiment at 2’04) and here (really cool ideas!) Next time!
I have decided that November will be the month of animals, apparently, for no apparent reason whatsover, just because because. This week was our first lesson and we only focused on introducing and revising the vocabulary using the wordwall cards and playing a great animal sounds quiz that I found on youtube. This is my favourite because it has some less obvious animal sounds and it offers three options, with the visuals and the written words on the screen. It makes it quite challenging, even for the adults who play it the first time but it also offers some support so the kids can learn the new language from the game. There is also a feedback aka the answer, a short video with the animal making the same sound. We have played it with a few groups and it has always been fun.
Our artist of the day was Paul Klee and his Cat and Bird, but, somehow, although I have taught this lesson before and I had all the materials ready, this time round, we did not spend any time on talking about the original picture. I was planning on describing different birds and describing different cats using photographs and then on revising the shapes in the paintings which would be a nice connection between the Month of Shapes (October) and the Month of Animals (November)…But it just didn’t happen. We started a bit later (autumn camp and a general mayhem in the school) and I was really preoccupied with the logistics of the technique. However, now that all our cats are on display, I am going to use this idea in the following lesson.
Here are our watercolour cats from 2021
The art
I have used this painting in class but previously we went for simple watercolour and the cats turned out beautiful, too. This was the main aim and the main preoccupation of this lesson because we were to try and to experiment with a completely new technique. I have been on the lookout for new things yesterday and that is how I found out about the melted crayons. My main source was the post on the Artful Parent (which is one of my favourite creative directories) although I adapted it to the needs of our bigger group with a slightly different objectives.
I used the same technique for preparing the crayons, the grater worked just fine (and then all the tiny, unusuable crayons stubs went home to be recycled and melted into brand new crayons, the link to the instructions can be found here) but instead of plates or muffin cups I decided to use sheets of baking parchments. Once I had enough shavings, I simply folded each colour separately and it worked very well during the lesson itself. The kids were passing different little packets to each other, opening them, taking the colour they needed and passing them on.
Preparing the picture was super simple, it is easy to find the Klee’s painting as a colouring page and to make copies. We were sitting at a large table (aka all the small desks huddled together) and each child had a large sheet of the baking parchement and a copy of the picture on it, in my attempt to contain the mess.
We started with colouring in the smallest shapes (the diamonds in the eyes, the heart nose and the bird). Afterwards, everyone was just picking up the shavings in pinches and putting them on the picture. I also gave out paintbrushes which we used as brooms to sweep the shavings off the lines and unnecessary places. The packets with colours were travelling around the table.
As soon as someone was ready, I showed them how to cover the picture with a sheet of baking parchment (we had to use the one that was under the picture but, ideally, I would have had another one for each child, to keep the tables even cleaner) and I walked around with my iron, ironing one picture after another. The kids peeled off the baking parchment right away and put the pictures away for drying and cooling down. I think, overall, we got better results with covering the picture with the baking parchment the matte side down but there is some room for experiments there.
In the following day, I framed all the pictures in simple frames made from the coloured paper and I put them up in the window. I used all the pictures, those that we intended to be pretty and also the baking parchment prints which turned out to be interesting, too!
It needs to be mentioned that I did not intend these as stained glass, despite the fact that this is how I found them. I only wanted a new and interesting technique but the thin layer of crayons really looks beautiful on the window so this is how I decided to display them in the end.
Overall, I think that it is better to be economical with the shavings. First of all, the pictures seem to be more interesting and, what is more, too much shaving creates a thick layer that might crack while drying and it is also quite likely to stick to the parchment more. I still recycled those (as stained glass pictures and for the second ironing round) and I love how they look but, initially, some kids were a bit disappointed with the outcome.
When I am using the technique again, I will definitely start with drawings, either done by the kids or photocopied, just for the framwork. Unless, of course, we decide to create some melting crayons Jackson Pollock…I would also love to try following that up with the drawings or a simple collage…
The Making of…
P.S. Here are my new cool, chunky crayons from the recycled crayons stubs and the leftover shavings…
This was our final October Art Explorers lesson. I was preparing for using Paul Klee’s The Bird and the Cat because the painting does include two hearts as well as other shapes, a perfect final lesson. However, in the middle of the preparations and my trying squeeze everything in one academic hour, I decided to go easy on all of us, myself and the kids. I changed the concept entirely and chose to focus on the technique, for the first time ever in my Art Teacher history.
Ingredients
A pile of cards, A5, enough for everyone to try a few techniques.
Pencils, crayons, watercolours, salt, tissues, hand sanitizer, a paper clip.
Videos for the teacher to learn about different watercolour techniques. I have taken my ideas from these: here, here, here and here. Thank you)))
Procedures
First of all, I watched all the videos to learn about different techniques and to choose those that will be feasible in the classroom with my kids. The next step was creating my own hearts, a whole set, with different techqniues before the lesson time, in order to be able to show the students the final product. I kept to the same colour for the kids to be able to see the different effect and the impact on the texture and not to be distracted by the colours.
We started the lesson in our usual way, with the hello song, taking the roll call, singing the song about the shapes and looking for the shapes around us. With the older students we also did the heart in brands quiz.
Afterwards, we looked at all the techniques to try in all my samples. While we were doing it, I was also demonstrating the most important tools ie the cloth, the plastic, the salt, the paper clip (for scratching).
Then we just started to create. All the kids would take the cards, draw the heart and then try the new technique. We would look at the final product, talk about it a bit and move on to the following technique.
Why we like it?
It was a lesson like one big experiment, in which we were moving, from one stage to the other, with a lot of curiosity and excitement.
This time we have done the following: salt on the finished picture, salty water as the base, scratching the surface with a paperclip, drawing the patterns with wax crayons and painting over, finishing the picture with a cloth, splattered paint, the broken brush (aka printing with a split brush). I also had the plastic bag for the final touches and the alcohol prepared (aka the hand sanitizer) but we did not have time to use it in the end.
I have to admit, it was not the most productive lesson that I have ever taught but it was an wonderful opportunity for all of us to do something different.
I was very happy to see how the kids were allowing themselves to try something else, something new. At first, they were just following my instructions closely, using the same tools and the same techniques and then they were leaving all that behind and taking one more step further, with a particular technique or with a mixture of different techniques. At this point, we were all looking with curiosity at the outcomes. It was a very beautiful moment.
If this is an option, I would like to recommend looking at the final product on the following day (or in the following lesson). The drying time really does make an impact and the creative lesson might be followed up by gallery walk, expressing opinion and choosing the most interesting heart and technique.
This activity would be a perfect Valentine’s Day celebration in Art Explorers and I was almost sorry that I used it in October. I might be coming back, actually, with more techqniues!
A colouring picture ‘in the park’. Any will do but I used this particular one because it contained enough detail. Sadly, I cannot find the reference for it.
A set of stickers. I used animals because that is exactly what I had in my leftover box but it could be anything. We were not aiming at creating a very realistic picture, as you can see in the example.
Procedures
We introduced and practised the vocabulary featured in the picture. We used the wordwall for that (this one). We drilled the words, we read them, talked about the things we like and don’t like. I also decided to introduce the gestures for each of the words because I wanted to activate this part of my kids’ imagination as our following game involved miming and guessing. One of the children was sitting with their back to the screen, the group were supposed to mime something together for the student to guess. Naturally, we took turns to sit on the big chair. I was invited to particiapate, too!
We continued practising using the prepositions: with a song, with the YES/NO game and with out toys.
We sat at our tables, each with a copy of the picture and did a quick run through the picture to familiarize ourselves with all the elements (‘Can you see…?’).
Every child got a sheet of stickers that I had leftover from other activities, animals from different habitats that I just cut up into pieces, to match the number of children in the group.
The idea of the game is very simple: the leader directs the group where to put the sticker i.e. ‘Take one sticker and put it on the bench’ (in the tree, under the tree etc). Everyone listens, the teacher monitors and checks.
The sheets of stickers are passed on in the circle (‘New stickers, please!’) and the game continues.
The game is led by the teacher for the first few rounds but then the students are asked to take over and to dictate when the stickers as put.
The game goes on for as long as it is necessary.
Why we like it?
It was, eventually, a very student-centred and productive activity and we used a lot of the target language (prepositions) and in the format of the Starters YLE Speaking.
We had a lot of fun. It started quietly and very realistically, with animals on the grass and in the trees, but, as was to be expected, it didn’t last once someone decided to put something on the girl, on the sun, in the air etc. We laughed a lot and kids were very eager to show their pictures and to announce what they put and where.
Although our main aim were the prepositions, we also revised (and introduced in some cases) the names of the animals as the stickers had all the habitats and I thought it was a nice opportunity to at least try to extend our vocabulary.
The activity is very easy to prepare and any set of stickers can be used.
I was really proud of how my kids worked well as a team. Everyone played by the rules, they did not take more than one sticker, they passed on the sheets without delay, they looked at and praised their friends’ pictures.
I was wondering whether it can be adapted to any types of vocabulary and what I have come up with so far are the following: a picture with a few people or characters and a set of stickers to practise ‘has got’ (‘Choose something for the princess’, ‘The princess has got a cat’) or a picture with characters and practising ‘likes / doesn’t like’ (‘Choose something for the princess’, ‘The princess likes / doesn’t like apples’). I also used the similar ‘recycled stickers’ for a guessing game with older students with the places in the city. The kids had five stickers which they had to put somewhere around the city. They kept the picture secret because the speaking task was about describing the places for their partners to guess. This version could also be adapted to the picture of a house or perhaps even to the map of the world to practise the names of the countries.
In the picture above, you can see one of the examples, created by my student.
Malevich was the hero of the first October lesson but somehow, it landed in the wrong order on the blog. This whole month we are learning about shapes and you can read about some of the ideas for these here. Thanks to Super Simple Songs we have two cool songs about shapes, this one and this one, and they can easily be turned into a game as we go on singing and looking for shapes around the classroom, on the walls, in the alphabet and on our clothes. I don’t.
Some animals admiring the black square
The artist
There could be only one painter to be invited to this particular lesson, of course, Kasimir Malevich and the Black Square. We started with introducing him and we looked a few of his paintings. I rarely include a lot o detail from the artist’s biography but here it might be quite interesting to see how his creativity went from ‘just realistic paintings’, through many intermediary stages, casting off realism and colours, to the Square.
Because at the time, we also had the mixed age groups and levels group, we could discuss symbol in general and what symbols exist in our everyday life for example the symbols that are logos of different brands or the symbols that we have in the streets or in the public transportation. This is how we arrived at the square that could be a symbol, too. We also looked at some of the parodies of Malevich.
Black on black by one of my students
The art
The preparations for this lesson were quite limited: markers, glue and scissors and a lot of coloured paper. I had white and coloured paper for the background and some bigger and smaller black squares for the main protagonist.
I showed the students my example and the kids were asked to pick a square and the colour of the background. Then, they went on to glue, to cut and to create.
I was monitoring and discussing the choices. I also helped them translate the titles for their creations.
As can be seen, not everyone was very concerned about the perfection of their squares. It is my fault because I gave them relatively big squares and rectangles for them to make their own decisions regarding size. Some of the kids decided to glue them as they were. It is ok. i don’t think Malevich would have minded.
I loved the creative process and I was so proud of them for having created all these lovely pieces. The Camera by Nikita is just briliant and it was actually a 2D creation. The Labirynths by Kostia are out of this world and, although I don’t understand them, there is some link to some computer game. Apparently. One of my students, Sasha, kept walking around the room and trying out the square against different background and, surprise, surprise, she ended up choosing the black one, taking Malevich one step further. With the older students we also had a great discussion in which we shared why we like the square so much. ‘It is like the silence in a picture’, was one of the lines in that conversation.
October is for us a month of shapes and every week gets a different shape hero. Because of that at the start of the lesson we revise shapes, sing songs, look for shapes around us and talk about shapes as symbols and our associations with this particular shape which last week was a star.
The only trick is to prepare a great variety of activities to make sure that everyone stays interested but, beginning October, at my school we introduced a new element to the format of our Art Explorers classes. Our group used to meet twice a week and we had quite a few students, younger and older, from pre-school to grade 4. It was not the best solution as there was a huge gap as regards the lingustic skills and abilities, motor skills and abilities and creative skills and abilities. Luckily, we were able to divide the group into two, the older and the younger and this way adapt the course and the activities. The lesson I am describing here was taught with the older group. The younger kids practised the same vocabulary but their focused task was different, the one that I did before with the same lesson (see below).
Vincent van Gogh meets Kasimir Malevich
The artist
In a way, I was waiting for this lesson. Starry Night by van Gogh is this one painting that immediately puts me in a good mood (although I cannot help but think about the paradox of how such a troubled soul managed to create such a peaceful image) and it is probably one of the most easily recognised paintings and kids respond to it immediately. I have already used it in the magic wand lesson, with the younger kids and I was looking forward to taking it to another level with a more advanced group.
As usual, we introduced the artist, together with his country and his favourite things. We also looked at different interpretations or parodies of the painting which can be easily found online. They all feature the amazing background of the starry night and…anything: Batman, Snoopy, birds, cats, ghosts, Santa, Mona Lisa and a city of your choice. This is what became the inspriation for the art part of the lesson.
The art
It was relatively easy. The main ingredient to prepare was the starry night background that we printed in colour, one per child. I was considering preparing it ourselves, from scratch and it would have been amazing but our lessons are too short and there was no chance that I could do it over two different classes. For that reason, I decided to print.
I also brought a lot of coloured paper and just some regular white paper. The main idea was to draw the shapes, figures, objects for your picture, to cut them out and to glue them back on the starry night background.
The images that you can see in this post were created by my students and as you can see, they represent different directions that the kids decided to take. There is another Halloween van Gogh, inspired probably by my example, a Starry Night Malevich that got carried over from the previous lesson devoted to a square (and Malevich, see the post here) and we had a starry night that became the setting for a meeting…
The best thing about this kind of an approach is that any student can produce something according to their abilities, either something very intricate, beautifully drawn and cut out or, on the contrary, something very simple if they don’t feel confident about their drawing skills. I have also decided that next time I am teaching this lesson, I will be also bringing newspapers and magazines for the students to be able to make the collage even more fun and feasible. This will be also beneficial for the students who are not very confident about their drawing skills.
With my younger group, preschoolers and year 1 of primary, I decided to do something that I have done before and something that was a huge success. Instead of creating a picture, we created out own magic wand with the use of two stars (printed, cut out, decorated, glued together), a chopsticks (although a wooden stirrer will do, too) and some ribbons. The regular glue stick will do the job well, you just need to apply a lot of glue on both stars. Don’t worry if they look a bit damp and unappealing, they dry well and if they are given a chance to spend a night among the pages of a big book, they will also be flat and just perfect.
Oh, and one more thing, with my regular English classes, we create wands whenever we need a tool to practise Present Continuous (‘Abracadabra, 123, you are…) or just whenever we learn something that can be mimed, for example pets or toys.
As you can see the last few pictures come from this year’s Autumn Camp which we taught in two groups. I decided to go for a proper collage whereas my colleague, miss Victoria, decided to upgrade it and use mixed media methods: a picture painted by the children themselves and then decorated with stickers. I simply love the idea and how it turned out. With preschoolers, btw.
A folding surprise by Kolya (Renamed as: Teachers in September)
This post, like many many others, starts in the classroom when yours truly spends countless hours every week. Some of those hours are happy hours, some are very much not. Sometimes, no matter how passionate and dedicated you are as a teacher, no matter how much time you have dedicated to preparing amazing lessons, resources and activities, it is just not coming together and it does feel like it is the absolute end of the world. But, definitely, it is not. But it feels like it.
In the sessions devoted to classroom and management behaviour, there is this one activity that we do: ‘Look at the picture of the classroom. What is wrong with it?’ My trainees usually have lots of great ideas but where I am trying to get them is the fact that, beautiful as it is, this photo, a real class and a real lesson does not really look like that 100% of the time. So google, with all its amazing visuals, this time helps us create unrealistic expectations regarding our professional life.
I am not saying that it does not happen, that kids never get fully interested and involved in the task or that the teacher never has the full attention of the group. They do and when it does, it is the best thing ever, cloud number 9 and the top of the world. But, to be perfectly honest, a day like this one in the Kindergarten Cop, this is also a part of the teacher’s life.
Those bad days are perhaps more likely to happen when you are less experienced and somewhere at the start of your teaching career but (and I am sorry to be saying that), no matter how many years you have been teaching for, bad days can still happen. Although, indeed, as experienced teachers, we are more prepared for them and better equipped to deal with them, on the spot and in the long run. That is why, in this post, I decided to share how I resuscitate myself and get myself back on my feet from having crumbled into pieces after a bad day at school.
Prevention first
Apart from lesson planning and keeping your resources organised, it is very important to remember that a teacher needs to be alive and feeling well in order to remain happy, smiling and passionate about the lesson and in order to be able to give a good lesson. That means that a teacher needs to eat and drink, breakfast and lunch and snacks, and, a teacher must find time for her / his own breaks.
I know very well how easy it is to skip breakfast, lunch or the mid-lesson snacks (or, even more impotantly, the mid-lesson toilet runs) because, well, because things just happen. Kids lose things, kids need help, kids have a bad day and a meltdown and a teacher, more often than not, just brushes off her/ his needs and does whatever is necessary to help the kid. It’s just in the blood.
Then there are the unplanned meetings with the headmaster, the admin, the parents and sometimes it is possible to put them on hold or to reschedule them and sometimes it is not. Again, the break (whatever its purpose) gets cancelled or cut short. The teacher goes on teaching without food, coffee, water or worse and, naturally, that has an impact on the level of tiredness and / or stress and on the lesson.
When the bad day has already happened…take time out.
Most of the time this will be a very short time out slot, a few minutes in the teachers’ room, or even in your classroom, looking out of the window, wasting time, listening to your favourite song, or, if you are really lucky and the breaks are long enough to allow for that, you will be able to get out of the school to pick up a coffee somewhere round the corner or simply to take a walk, somewhere in a slightly different environment.
This will help to see the world from a different perspective and, naturally, to regain the peace and quiet for the teacher.
Talk to your teaching buddies
As soon as the opportunity arises, chat to your teaching buddies. It doesn’t matter if they themselves had a good day and will be able to act as the source of the energy or if they had an equally disastrous day and there will be there for you to compare the levels of the educational catastrophy. The most important thing is that this will be a chance to talk to someone who fully understands how horrible it feels to have to walk home after a bad day at school and who can offer an ear if not a real solution, although the latter is also an option, too, because the school life is full of fiascos, tragedies and all kinds of situations and, quite likely, your friends have it already happened to them and might be able to tell you about how they sorted it out. In any case, listening to their stories will help to understand that you are not on your own and that’s a lot!
Talk to your VIP, whoever they are
For me, personally, equally important is talking to my Very Important People, not only because that is what they are, but, also, because they have absolutely nothing to do with education, teaching English and teaching children.
Getting valuable advice or even having someone to talk to, in order to relate all the horrors of the day is not the main aim of these conversations. On the contrary, these help me get a completely different perspective and go back to basics, to everything else in life that matters an that is as far as possible from the young learners EFL/ ESL. Just to check that the world outside of it still exists and that it is doing great.
I love my job and I cannot imagine not teaching kids but, on some days, I need to forget about children, parents, child development, methodology and everything related to it, specifically in order to recover and to recharge my batteries, physiological and psychological.
Get a hug (real, virtual or metaphorical)
Well, yes, just that! The hug can be real, the hug can be virtual as not everyone huggable might be available physically but it can also be any way of pampering yourself and doing somethinggood for your body. A nice meal, a pint of beer, a quiet evening, an evening with your favourite music, a piece of chocolate, a walk with a dog, a bunch of flowers, a cup of coffee, a sports game, a round of your favourite computer game, exercising, a combination of a few of those or all of them together. Whatever it is that makes you feel good and that brings a smile to your face.
For example, I am a real public transport supporter but, on those really difficult days, I like to take a taxi home and being in the backseat, driven home, with my favourite city in the world blinking on the other side of the window, it really does calm me down.
Sleep on it
Or, in other words, not being too harsh on yourself and taking time to reflect and to see the whole day and everything that happened from a different angle and from a distance.
The world looks a bit different after a proper night’s sleep and only then it is possible to reflect on the day, to connect the dots and to understand better the reason behind the kids’ behaviour or the explanation why the activities fell flat on their face. Finally, this distance will also help to see the good things that also happened because they always do, although, admittedly, they are easily overshadowed by the disasters.
Try again!
Last but not least, there is always tomorrow, another lesson and another day to have another go and see what happens. With young learners especially, the first time we play a new game or try a new activity, in a new format and with a new set of rules, the very first attempt is just a reconnaissance, for the teacher, for the resources and for the kids. It is almost bound to be a failure and it is a big mistake not to give it another shot.
(Notes from the Back to School September 2023 webinar at BKC Moscow)
The aims?
Since I believe in leading by example, also here I decided to verbalise the aims for this webinar and for this post. I knew that I would have a mixed-ability audience, with some experienced and some less experienced teachers who might have or might have not used stories in their lessons. For that reason, I chose two main aims for this session:
For those teachers who have little or no experience with storytelling in the classroom (or little or no love for storytelling in the classroom): to provide the basic tools that will help them get started
For those teachers who already have a lot of experience with storytelling in the classroom (or a lot of love for storytelling): to bring in a new angle which will help to reinforce this love
What is a story and why we even bother
A structure of a story it is super simple. Rob Bisenbach calls it a three-legged stool here, since there are always characters who have a goal they try to reach and, on the way there, they encounter some obstacles or get over some challenges or, basically, who have some adventures. Everything else is an added value, like a set of blocks that you can add, take away or rearrange. I like this approach to and it does help me with preparing the materials for my students.
The best thing is that our life, our private life, our non-teaching life, is all built around stories. We read, watch and listen to stories in form of books, audiobooks and films and series. We tell stories of what happened to us at work, at school or just something that we witnessed on the metro or in the street. We tell stories to share our feelings, to make people smile, to make the little people fall asleep or to eat lunch. If we look for even a wider context, our family’s history is a story, our nation’s history is a story, everything that we read about on the news, the serious bits and the less serious bits, everything is a story.
No wonder then something that is such an important part of our life made its way into the EFL classroom, for children and for adults. Two years ago I gave myself a task of counting all the reasons that there might be to bring a story into the kids’ classroom and, based on what I could get my hands on in 2021, I found as many as 50, some related to child development, some related to teaching foreign languages. You can find this post here. I do recommend!
Different types of stories and their advantages (and all the tricky bits)
Coursebook stories: This is the place to start from all the teachers who have not worked much with storytelling with young learners. From the point of view of the leaners, these stories are easily availalbe, they often include the favourite characters who the kids can follow throughout the entire year and the language in terms of structures and lexis is carefully chosen and consistent with the material covered in each unit. On the other hand, these stories are also very teacher-friendly because they come with a set of instructions and ideas. Even if they are not ideal, they are a great starting point for adaptation and development. Our coursebooks also provide for a good variety of stories. Superminds from CUP for example include the following: cartoons (print and video versions), action stories for the younger kids and real, extensive reading stories for the more advanced primary school kids.
Traditional stories: They are a little bit more challenging, for both parties but they also have a lot of advantages. In many ways, these stories are already available to our students. It is quite likely that they have already heard them, watched them or read them in their L1 as the Little Red Riding Hood, the Enormous Turnip or Jack and the Beanstalk are a part of the world culture and bringing them into the lesson, in a different language version will be welcomed with joy. However, the beautiful and rich language, that is the main benefit of using these stories is also the biggest challenge in the context of the EFL or ESL young learners. More often than not, children would have to rely on their memories as a lot of the story will not be available to them. Consequently, these stories require more adaptation and grading and, in general, more work since these stories are not accompanied by ‘How to’ manuals and teacher’s books.
Phonics stories: This is another type of a story that was created not for the second/ foreign language learner but simply for a child learning to read. The language of these stories, although very often simplified and handpicked, focused on certain sounds and phonics, might still be beyond a regular young learner beginner learner. However, the teachers still use them because of their potential for the literacy skills’ development although it means more work and more careful lesson planning and staging on the part of the teacher.
Storybooks: There are many advantages of using storybooks with YL. These are the real stories, written for children and their plot is not limited by the set of the words that need to be introduced in unit 5, which, unfortunately, often makes the story very educational and, consequently, very boring. Storybooks are far from this danger zone. They use beautiful language, great characters and fantastic illustrations which can help develop not only the children’s language but also their visual literacy and literary tastes. It is true that, again, a lot of work might be required to adapt the langauge and the plot to make it available for our EFL/ESL students. Not to mention that the handouts and teachers’ books don’t exist, either so teachers are basically on their own. However, as a teacher who had an opportunity to see the long-term impact of these stories being present in the YL classroom, I can say that it is absolutely worth it.
There are some earlier posts on using storybooks in the EFL classroom and you can find them here
My favourite storybooks to have in the classroom, Top 10
Choosing a storybook for your EFL classroom, My experience
Videos: That is an interesting resource that was not available to us in the past and that has definitely blossomed since the time of the pandemic. There are certain limitations regarding the language, the support for the teacher but it is a resource that is readily available for the teachers and for the students and their parents and that is almost unlimited. Teachers often like to use Peppa (that most kids are familiar with), Pete the Cat or the Little Princess. I have so far committed only one post on Peppa and you can find it here.
YLE Cambridge
If the fact that stories are everpresent in our life is one important reason to bring stories into our lesson, then the Young Learners Exams are another. All of the modern coursebooks are aligned with the YLE skills and requirements, they offer skills development in the format of the exam and even if we do not prepare our students for taking the exams we will be developing their language skills in some connection with the papers format.
The exams themselves were introduced in 1997 and since then, as a conference presenter, a teacher, a trainer and a manager, I have often come across comments (doubts, inquiries or even accusations) that the exams were introduced for purely mercenary reasons and that children should not be exposed to any formal assessment at that age.
For me, personally, the main benefit of the YLE Cambridge is the research that was done and has been done in order to find out what being a young language learner is about and how chilren’s language skills can be tested in an appropriate way. And it was done not in connection with a group of students from only one L1 background but around the world which means that by analysing a lot of date, the L1-influence can be taken out of equation, helping us understand how children learn. Here is only one number for you: the initial versions of the tests were trialled on a group of 5000 children from Europe, South America and South-East Asia. If you are interested, please have a look at the Research Notes published by Cambridge online in February 2002.
Stories feature in three exams, starting from a very simple picture-based reading and writing task for Starters, through Movers, up to Flyers, with a real extensive reading and a reading comprehension task, a writing and a telling of a story based on a set of visuals. The storytelling tasks are included in the KET writing task.
The language
This is, by far, the most important reasons to use stories in the classroom: the language.
In order to tell a story, the students need to be able to operate quite a few structures such as the present or past tenses, adjectives, emotion adjectives, adverbs, linking words, time and sequence words, sensory words as well as the functional language in the dialogue. This means that the students need to possess all these skills to tell a story which, in turns, means that for quite a long time, for some of the levels, the students will not be able to do it. Or will they?
I do believe (and I will try to prove it:-) that storytelling is not only the aim in itself, it can also be an approach, and these structures can be introduced in order to enable the students to participate in storytelling as soon as it is possible.
For example, as regards adjectives, according to curriculum, the beginner students are not required to know any, apart from a few basic ones. The real adjectives input is scheduled for the A1 level (Movers) when the kids encounter comparatives and superlatives for the first time, although adjectives are around us and the meaning can be easily presented and practised because they are representational.
Far from being a call to action to change the curriulum, it is possible to introduce a lot of this language much earlier, in a way that is appropriate for young language learners.
I have already written about something that I called The Storytelling Campaign. You can read about it here: Introduction and here: Activities. Below, you will find the ideas as I presented them in our webinar.
Introducing adjectives: emotionsand not only
These are very easy to introduce. With our pre-school and primary school students, we start with the basic set of happy, sad, angry but then, as we go through the year, more and more adjectives are added. The photos that you can see here illustrate the set of adjectives that I use with my online YL and a set of homemade flashcards for our pre-primary. This second photo was taken in December, after only three months of classes with my youngest pre-primary and at the time they already knew all these 12 adjectives only because we started each lesson with talking about how we feel.
The other source of language as regards adjectives are the songs, from Super Simple Songs and other channels on youtube, for example Open Shut Them or As quiet as a mouse.
All of these can be used in the following way:
talking about how we feel in the beginning of the lesson, it is good for the language, for bonding but also for the teacher to find out how the kids are in class
this is the langauge that can help to signal problems, when kids are not feeling very well (‘I am sad’, ‘Are you angry?’)
and it can help sort out other classroom management issues (‘Look, Sasha is sad now. Don’t take her pencils, please’)
adjectives can be used to make riddles and to express opinion and this way personalise the content
adjectives can be used in simple Yes No game to describe any picture to prepare the kids for the listening or reading task or to practise vocabulary, for example: ‘The cat is sad. Yes or no? No, the cat is happy’
and this is exactly the same structure and approach that will be used to describe the pictures that are a part of a story (see: Movers or Flyers)
This is another topic that, in my opinion, is not really used to its full potential in our coursebooks. For that reason, I like to introduce games and activities that promote the use of verbs. From the very first lesson we play a movement game (‘Abracadabra, 123 you are (dancing)’ and ‘Everybody is dancing’). I also introduce the verbs through the songs, for example What do you like to do, I like you and Please be quiet, I am trying to sleep. Sometimes I introduce them because of our curriculum, for example the third song here that covers Present Continous and the rooms of the house. Sometimes, they feature in our course just because they are a source of a plethora of verbs and this is how we learn them before Present Simple or Present Continuous make an appearance as per curriculum.
In the classroom, apart from the obvious advantages for classroom and behaviour management, as it is an easy to use stirrer, we can also use these structures to describe any pictures, which, again, is a preparation for storytelling with visuals.
The illustrations above come from the YLE Cambridge sample papers and they can easily be used in class, not only as the actual exam practice activity and not only with the children who are actually preparing for Starters. The story is so obvious and funny (and it includes all there elements of a story mentioned above) and the visuals simple enough for the pre-primary students to use, too. If they are prepared for it and if the activity is properly staged.
In the beginning the teacher is the one to initiate the structure either by making incorrect sentences (Mummy is eating. Yes or No) or by proving the sentence starters (Mummy is…) but, with time, the kids get more and more independence and skills. Actually, this activity can start wtih kids looking only at one picture before they are shown the whole sequence. And, bearing in mind that the teacher is the one to select the picture (or pictures) for the activity, it is really easy to choose a particular focus, closely connected to the topic of the lesson, for example talking about toys, talking about clothes, talking about food etc.
A simple story can be created even if only one picture is available, like the one above that also comes from YLE and is, in fact, a reading task, this picture can also become the basis for a story. We can see a beautiful family scene, a Sunday afternoon and everyone is doing something and feeling something. The first step is a simple picture description. The second step is figuring out what all the characters do next. ‘Next, mummy is drinking tea’, ‘Next, daddy is sleeping’ etc and here the kids can become a lot more creative. Naturally, all ideas are good ideas.
One more way of using this approach would be using not the visuals but the sets of words, like the one we have in Movers Reading and Writing part 1 or in Flyers Reading and Writing part 1. The teacher would only need to add some introduction, just like in Movers and Flyers story speaking. Kids need to continue the story and they need to use the words provided. I came up with this idea only while preparing the webinar and I am really looking forward to trialling it out with my students. Above, you can see my example from the webinar.
Introducing linking words
Simple linking words such as ‘because’, ‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘so’ can also be introduced as part of the traditional curriculum for pre-school or primary students.
‘Because’ is the one that we start using in the first half of year 1. It can be included in the hello circle when the students talk about how they are (‘How are you today?’ ‘I am happy’ ‘Because…’) and start giving simple justification for their adjectives. ‘I am happy because it is sunny / because it is Friday / because I have a little homework’. It might happen that the kids will start to answer in their L1 or in a mix of L1 and L2, but it is perfectly fine. First of all, I like to know why my students are happy or sad or angry because it might have an impact on their behaviour in class. Second of all, it helps me to react to their news and to bond.
‘Because’ can also be used while describing pictures or while expressing opinion in a simple way (‘Do you like this story / song / picture?’ ‘Yes, because it is happy / funny / fast etc’)In the beginning, this has to be initiated and supported by the teacher, with the sentence starters or with offering a few options for the answer. It also helps when the teacher acts as a model (‘I am happy because my lunch was yummy’).
‘And‘ is even an easier linker to promote. First of all, it can be demonstrated and supported with gestures (i.e. fingers, to signal more than one element). Second of all, it can be used with any vocabulary, colours, toys, food or emotions (‘I am happy AND beautiful’).
‘But’, by comparison, poses a bigger challenge but it is not impossible. With some of my groups in the past, I used the song already mentioned here (‘What do you like to do’ by Super Simple Song) because its every verse is build around a simple contrast (‘I like dancing BUT I don’t like dancing with a bear’). With some other groups, I started to introduce it with a song, too, ‘Do you like broccoli ice-cream?’, simply by adding ‘but’ for some dramatic effect in-between the lines of the story (‘Do you like ice-cream? Yes, I do’, ‘Do you like broccoli? Yes, I do’ ‘BUT do you like broccoli ice-cream?’) and the kids simply picked up on that.
The most challenging of all of these for my Movers kids turned out to be ‘so‘ as they seemed to confuse it with ‘and’. I haven’t had a chance to implement it in the classroom since it was an idea that came to my during the preparation for this webinar, but this connection could be created in a natural way between ‘I’ve got a stomach ache’ and ‘I don’t eat ice-cream’ or ‘No ice-cream today’ which we use with my pre-primary kids while talking about health and health problems. Again, one more thing to trial and test when I am teaching level 2 of pre-primary again.
As regards the story sequencing linkers such as ‘first’, ‘next’, ‘in the end’, we introduce them through exposure while telling stories based on visuals. It is one more activity that starts with the teacher being responsible for providing those and encouraging the children to follow up with the events of the story.
Staging of the story
One of the biggest challenges that the students face while telling the story is the very genre and the way we tend to present it in class. Very often, children, when they hear the word story, they automatically raise the level of challenge for themselves and they approach the task in a very serious way, hoping to create something that will at least match the creativity and the success of Harry Potter. Which, of course, is not the case. When we start telling stories in class, we are expecting something with a character, a goal and some obstacles, something with a beginning, the middle and the ending and, if we are using the YLE Cambridge materials, something that describes the three or four or five visuals provided.
Our task, as teachers, is to show the students, how this task can be broken in and managed, moving on from a very controlled practice, to freer practice, and, perhaps, eventually, to a very creative story writing or story telling.
Here is one of the approaches that I used in class effectively, based on the Flyers speaking materials.
Step 1: Collecting resources to tell the story in a simple way.
Students can work individually, in pairs or teams. They make a list of all the things they can see in each picture, starting with the basic nouns that can be seen which later can be extended into adjectives, verbs, emotions etc, anything more abstract. Afterwards, the kids, in pairs, describe the pictures (aka tell the story) with all of the words on the list, crossing them out as they use them. This is how we can ensure a good length of a discourse, especially that the teacher will be monitoring the kids as they are creating the list and the teacher can add some of the crucial words if they are missing. The students can exchange their lists and tell the story again, with a different set of words and they can also write the story for homework.
Step 2: Crazy words aka freer practice
This step is a simple development on step 1. The words on the list on the right have been provided by the teacher and, as can be seen, they do not feature in the visuals provided. Since, however, the children already know the story very well, they can be invited to take part in a more creative task. We read the words together with the whole group and I tell them ‘These words are in the story but they are not in the picture’ and we make a few examples together about the first picture, for example: ‘Students are hungry. It is 10 a.m.’, ‘Students are looking at the flowers in the garden’ etc.
Afterwards, children work in pairs and create their own story trying to incorporate all the crazy words.
Step 3: Story and its framework
This is the most creative approach in which the kids use only the general framework of the original story. After the kids tried to tell the story and tried to tell it with a few new details, they have a chance to change as much as they want to within the framwork. I prepare the main events, in the form of questions and we reveal them one by one while the students are working in pairs, thinking and planning their story. Afterwards, we have a big, whole class, storytelling session and it an absolute joy and fun to see in how many versions you can tell the story based with the same building blocks. Here, in the post on the activities in the storytelling campaign, you can find the framework for yet another Flyers story, Charlie and the elephant.
A few bonus ideas
Vyacheslav – about one more, super simple way of setting up a storytelling activity
We have put together twelve 90-minute sessions. At the moment we run them online because it gives us an opportunity to reach a wider audience.
The 12 sessions include:
Introduction. The VYL student: about the child in the classroom
The VYL teacher: the features of a VYL teacher and approaching the material
Classroom management: all the techniques that can help organise the students and the learning process
Behaviour management: dealing with issues
Coursebooks and material development: how to approach the coursebook and how to design own activities
Flashcards: the basic resource for VYL teachers in the online and in the offline classroom
Craft: including and managing craft activities in the classroom
Music and songs: the settler and the stirrer, all in one
Storytelling: using different stories with preschoolers
Lesson planning: how to plan effectively
Games: why kids need games
Literacy: how to start developing literacy skills in the EFL pre-school group
Each session includes both theoretical and practical, with the basics to help us outline and understand the framework and the connection to the ‘adult’ EFL methodology and a lot of practical solutions for the every day teaching. We have also prepared our reading list, with articles, resource books and videos that can help each participant either prepare for the course or to develop further after the course is finished.
The course finishes with an obligatory assessment task which was designed not as a research assignment but as a written reflection task to give the trainees an opportunity to look back at the whole course experience and to summarise the main take-outs.
The additional course components
At the end of each course we always collect feedback from our participants and this is exactly how we got inspired to add these additional components to further improve our course. From summer 2023, these include:
Lesson planning sessions: this is an additional session, a group lesson planning session in which we work with the material from different coursebooks, usually provided by our participants, preparing together with a tutor for ‘a typical lesson’ with this material. This session focuses on selecting and formulating lesson aims, selecting appropriate activities, adapting the coursebook and selecting supplementary materials
Private consultations with the tutor: this is a session that can be used in any way the trainee chooses, for example lesson planning, questions related to course design, discussing classroom managment, professional development, materials and activities etc.
Optional homework written tasks: there are three tasks, as a follow-up to three of the sessions: lesson planning, storytelling, language production. The trainees that decide to submit any of these tasks receive a written feedback from the trainer.
Who this course is for
This course has been initially designed to support the novice teachers in the area of very young language learners and that is why the sessions cover all of the basic areas that constitute the everyday life on the EFL carpet. However, since many of the experienced teachers started their career in VYL in a way and in a situation that was far from ideal, with no pre-service training, with no support and just learning on the go*), for them this course is an opportunity to boost and to reorganise what they know already and to align with the principles of the communicative methodology and the child development psychology.
Every single time we run this course we have a beautiful mix of participants, some experienced teachers and some VYL novice teachers, teachers working online and teachers working offline, teachers from the EFL, from the bilingual education as well as teachers who are also mums of little kids who want to learn how to start teaching their own children. It is a lovely learning environment and everyone is bringing something that they can share. And, it no surprise, that we got a very positive feedback from all of our participants, the newly qualified and the experienced teachers.
Feedback from our trainees
‘I think all the sessions were very useful because we have found out more about teaching very young learners, in some cases understood the mistakes we did and found some ways to improve it.‘
‘I really enjoyed the lessons. The classes about craft, songs and storytelling were especially helpful. Thank you so much!!’
‘All of them were very useful. I love sessions about craft and storytelling. Big thank you, that was great !!!!’
‘All sessions were useful and contained interesting examples. Although, if I have to name those more useful that others, these will be sons, craft and storytelling, great examples to remember and use in my own practice.’
‘Literacy, craft and storytelling session were the most useful as they had direct and immediate impact on my teaching practice.’
‘I’d like to take this opportunity and thank you for this course. I don’t have experience in teaching VYL, so whole course was highly useful and practice-oriented.’
‘I loved the last three sessions because they were pratical and I could use the ideas and materials on my lessons! I can’t say, that there were any useless sessions, but in the beginning there was some information, that was obvious for me. Anyway, I’m happy that I was able to do this course!’
‘Classroom management (I’ve never though before why VYL classrooms are organised in a different way from the classroom devoted to teaching children of different ages as I don’t remember myself being in the kindergarten and later on my classroom at school were very bare; and I was not taught about VYL classroom design before).’
And a few words from the trainers…
I absolutely love teaching the course. It has become some kind of a joke that I start every session with ‘Oh, today we are doing my favourite session’ but it really is every session.
Every single time it is an amazing journey on which we embark together and I take a lot of pleasure in sharing my ideas and experience and to help the trainees see how they can become better VYL teachers. It does not always involve any new amazing materials, coursebooks and resources but only a change of a mindset and a different way of looking at what we already have at our disposal.
The mix and the variety of backgrounds mentioned above is another reason why I like being a trainer on this course. Regardless of what it is that we discuss and look at instantly gets to be seen and considered from a few different angles, such as a different environment for the early language learning such as a bilingual school, home, an EFL class, different time allownances or formats (online and offline) or even different institutional policies because not all the EFL schools are the same. It’s not just ‘the idea from the tutor’, that is the only truth there is. It is an idea from the tutor that gets automatically reflected in a variety different mirrors and that automatically undergoes an analysis and adaptation. Which we are all learning from.
Happy teaching!
*) I am saying this with a deep conviction, based not only on my conversations with my trainees and my mentees but also based on the results of the reseach that I did for my MA thesis a few years ago and my dissertation got its title ‘Left to their own devices?’ for a reason. I, personally, was one of these teachers, too, when I started my teaching and my VYL teaching many years ago.
The amazing staircase in the tenement house by Max Berg in Wroclaw
Looking for songs
We have lots and lots of sources of amazing songs that can be used in the YL and VYL classroom. The first and the easiest one of them is your coursebook and the main advantage of it is the availability and the close connection to the curriculum. The songs often combine the vocabulary and the structure of the unit and both the teacher and the students have an easy access to it. The songs’ lyrics are in the kids’ coursebooks, they are often built around the characters from the coursebook or the stories in the coursebook. As a teacher, I have been using the songs from Superminds and Playway to English by CUP and Discover with Dex by Macmillan and I am a huge fan to the extent that I would recommend them as a supplementary material to accompany another coursebook, too.
Another amazing resource is youtube and the brilliant channels such as Super Simple Songs, Dream English Kids, Fun Kids English or Mother Goose Club, full of amazing, kids-friendly, visually beautiful productions that can be used in our EFL classes even if the content does not match the curriculum 100% accurately. After all, this can be an opportunity to learn some more vocabulary or structures.
Sometimes, however, it happens that, no matter how hard you try and how long you look here and there, the song or the chant that you really need is nowhere to be found. There is a way out, too, because you can create your own songs! From scratch!
Max Berg Cafe, Wroclaw
Creating your own songs: Starting from the rhythm.
This is more of a jazz chant than a song and I took the general idea from Carolyn Graham. The thing you need is a set of words to practise, divided into groups based on the number of syllables: 1-syllable words (cat, dog, frog, duck), 2-syllable words (hamster, snake, lizard), 3-syllable words (elephant, guinea pig, ladybird) and 4-syllable words (chameleon). You arrange them, in any way you want, following the pattern, for example: 2, 2, 2 – 2, 2, 2 – 2, 2, 2 – 4, 1 OR 3, 3, 1 – 3, 3, 1 – 3, 1 – 3, 1 – 3, 3, 1.
Hamster, lizard, snake
Hamster, lizard, snake
Hamster, lizard, snake
Chameleon, cat!
OR
Elephant, ladybird, cat
Elephant, ladybird, cat
Elephant, cat
Ladybird, cat
Elephant, ladybird, cat.
Practically any rhythm will do, especially if you start clapping your hands and stomping your find and chanting.
A similar technique can also be applied to any repeated sentences. I really like mixing affirmative and negative sentences connected with ‘but’ and ‘and’, for example
I like cats but I don’t like dogs.
I like ducks but I don’t like frogs
I like lizards but I don’t like snakes
What about you? What about you?
Max Berg Cafe, Wroclaw
If you are looking for more ideas of this kind, please check out the book by Carolyn Graham (see below).
Creating your own songs: Starting from the melody
This, by far, is my favourite way of creating the songs I want and the songs I really really need. The only thing that it takes is a melody that the teacher is familiar with and filling it up with the lyrics that match the lesson’s theme and aim.
During the YL course sessions, I was visiting one of the breakout rooms while the trainees were discussing the ways of adapting a certain material and, together, within a couple of minutes, we came up with a simple song that could be sung in the lesson on pets, with to the melody of The London Bridge is falling down. It went more or less like that:
Little dolphins cannot dance, cannot dance, cannot dance.
Little dolphins cannot dance but they can swim!
Naturally, this little verse can be replicated with all the other animals and verbs, according to the vocabulary content of the lesson.
Max Berg Cafe, Wroclaw
Creating your own song: Starting from the language
This one is probably the most challenging one because there is no basis here, like in the previous two. However, at the same time, since you are not bound by the rhythm or the melody, you can put together any text you need. I have used this approach while creating a chant for one of the groups with whom I had a double lesson, with a break in-between. This is the song that I put together to signal the beginning and the end of the break. The melody for this song was completely made up.
Let’s take a break.
Let’s run and play.
Five minutes. Five minutes
Let’s take a break.
Let’s drink some water.
Five minutes. Five minutes.
Let’s take a break.
Let’s go to the toilet.
Five minutes. Five minutes.
In one of the Science lessons for my pre-schoolers we were doing the food chains and I really wanted to make it more interactive and fun and this is how we ended up with a play with an alge, a fish, a squid, a dolphin and a shark. The story was built around all the creatures noticing their predator in the ocean and hiding. While taking turns to sing the song
I am a little, little alge
And I am happy
At the bottom of the ocean
Where I live
Oh, no! Look! What’s that? It’s a fish!
Let’s hide.
In this particular lesson we made the finger puppets for all the characters, practised the song a few times and then we all participated in the game aka the performance. It was definitely a success.
The only trick with writing a song like that would be coming up with the message to convey, verbalising it and sticking to the appropriate number of syllables in each line. As can be seen in the examples above, the verses don’t rhyme and they don’t need to. As for the melody, it can be anything and, once you’ve got it, it is a good idea to record it, for memory, even if only on the smartphone recorder.
Max Berg Cafe, Wroclaw
Here you can find my other posts about using songs in the VYL and YL classroom
Where to start if you have never sung before (here)
